ISSN: 3028-4384 La revista Amazonia al Derecho es una publicación especializada de la Universidad de la Amazonia, dedicada a la divulgación de artículos inéditos en español, inglés, portugués e italiano. Sus contenidos abordan investigaciones jurídicas, socio-jurídicas y de criminalística desde enfoques disciplinares, multidisciplinarios o interdisciplinarios, destacándose por su relevancia, calidad y rigor académico. Esta revista es una plataforma para académicos y profesionales interesados en contribuir al desarrollo del conocimiento en el ámbito jurídico.
Copyright (c) 2025 Los autores que publiquen en la Revista conservan todos los derechos de propiedad intelectual sobre sus artículos, pero al aceptar la publicación de sus artículos en la revista, otorgan a la Universidad de la Amazonia y los lectores el derecho y uso a descargar, almacenar, usar, copiar, distribuir, exhibir, y ejecutar públicamente sus artículos, siempre que se cumplan las condiciones de la licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. De igual forma, los autores, además, aceptan y se comprometen expresamente a: • Ser los responsables de citar adecuadamente bajo el respeto de derechos de propiedad intelectual y la ética, las fuentes utilizadas en su investigación. La Universidad no se responsabiliza por el uso inadecuado de otras obras. • Actuar de forma ética y responsable en su proceso de investigación y la realización de su obra. La Universidad no se responsabiliza por actos inmorales o fraudulentos. • La autoría de un artículo debe ser atribuida únicamente a quienes hayan realizado una contribución creativa en su construcción. En caso de desacuerdo, el autor de correspondencia ante la revista debe allegar soportes de la contribución y participación de cada autor. La autoría no se puede cambiar después de la publicación. Si se solicita el retiro de un autor, la revista requerirá una autorización firmada por todos los autores, explicando las razones del retiro. En cualquier caso, ante estos litigios, el Comité Editorial podrá decidir el retiro definitivo de la obra. De todo lo anterior, los autores deberán allegar debidamente firmado el documento que la Revista adopte para dichos fines, de cualquier forma, ante el uso de OJS, se dispondrá un espacio con las anteriores condiciones y en ella se establecerá entonces la aceptación digital bajo un contrato click-wrap. Este tipo de contrato se caracteriza por el hecho que la aceptación se realiza mediante un clic en un botón que indica que el usuario está de acuerdo con los términos y condiciones. En el caso de la revista, el contrato click-wrap se utiliza para que los autores acepten las condiciones de publicación de la revista, las cuales, comprende los requisitos sobre la originalidad del contenido, la autoría, el plagio, el uso de fuentes, parámetros y toda la política editorial https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
NEUROTECHNOLOGIES AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN THE FIFTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: THE ACTION OF PROTECTION IN THE PROTECTION OF NEURODATA IN COLOMBIA
The purpose of this paper was to study how neurodata should receive special treatment within the Colombian legal framework and, consequently, the appropriateness of the writ of protection as the ideal procedural mechanism for its protection, taking into account the fifth industrial revolution and the convergence between neurotechnology and law. To this end, we conceptualized neurodata and its international recognition. We then addressed the existence of the writ of protection as a constitutional action, arguing that, in the Colombian case, since neurodata is sensitive data, it is the ideal procedural mechanism for its protection, culminating in the structuring of judicial interpretive standards that could be adopted. This was achieved through a qualitative analysis of a review of case law, regulations, and doctrine on the subject, implementing bibliographic filing and legal categories.
Artículo de investigación científica y tecnológica
URBAN IMAGINARIES, MEDIATION AND CITIZEN’S RIGHTS: IN THE CASE OF CARTAGENA DE INDIAS
This article is an examination of the role that the press -as mass media- has played in the configuration of urban images that constitute the social imaginaries of Cartagena de Indias. The first section of this paper gives an overview of the most important intellectual debates on the concept of imaginaries, paying particular attention to the distinction between this concept and the notion of urban images. The second one, based on the framework of the emergent paradigm of mediations, analyzes the methods and procedures through which the press plays a critical role in the configuration of diversified imaginaries in today's societies. In the last part, the article offers a reflection about the implications -in terms of rights and exclusions- that the successful transformation of the city of Cartagena into a worldwide tourist destination has had for its local inhabitants.
THE UNLAWFULNESS OF HARM AND LITIGATION IN THE PROVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES BY THE MARÍA INMACULADA DEPARTMENTAL HOSPITAL E.S.E. (2017–2023)
The purpose of this article was to analyze the notion of unlawfulness of damage in direct compensation judgments for the provision of health services at the María Inmaculada E.S.E. Departmental Hospital between 2017 and 2023. To this end, the jurisprudential criteria that constitute state liability were identified, as well as the trends adopted by the Council of State regarding the unlawfulness of the damage. In view of the above, a qualitative methodology was used, with a descriptive-analytical design, based on a doctrinal and jurisprudential review of the rulings of the Administrative Court of Caquetá, which showed a tendency to relax the concept of unlawfulness. This position, influenced by the Council of State, could jeopardize due process and the guarantees of defense of the entities being sued.
Procedural analysis of legitimacy in active causes in non-contractual civil liability proceedings arising from copyright infringement in Colombia
This article addresses the legal and procedural scenarios related to standing in civil liability proceedings arising from copyright infringement in Colombia. The research is based on a descriptive methodology with a qualitative approach, using deductive analysis supported by regulatory, jurisprudential, and doctrinal sources. The results obtained present various arguments that demonstrate the applicable presumptions in this area, concluding that, in license agreements, licensees are empowered to take direct action in defense of the authorized use of the work.
ANIMAL WELFARE: ETHICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND LEGAL IMPACT ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Animal welfare has become increasingly important in livestock production due to its ethical, social, economic, and legal implications. In Colombia, regulatory developments, from Law 84 of 1989 (Congress of Colombia, 1989) to Law 1774 of 2016 (Congress of Colombia, 2016), have consolidated the recognition of animals as sentient beings, establishing specific legal obligations regarding their care. At the same time, the zootechnical perspective has shown that animal welfare contributes to the productivity, quality, and safety of products, reinforcing its value as a sustainability strategy. This article analyzes the multidimensional impact of animal welfare, addressing its incorporation into regulatory frameworks, its relevance to the social perception of the agricultural sector, its influence on the competitiveness of production systems, and its articulation with corporate social responsibility policies. In addition, regional and international trends that demonstrate the growing demand for welfare standards in agri-food chains are examined. It concludes that animal welfare is not only an ethical and legal imperative, but also a determining factor for the economic sustainability and social legitimacy of contemporary livestock production. Therefore, integrating welfare-oriented practices is an indispensable condition for the future of the agricultural sector.
AT THE BORDERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN NORTHWESTERN MEXICO
The objective and scope of this research is to investigate the possibilities of ADR to peacefully manage and resolve the growing socio-environmental conflicts in northwestern Mexico. The methodology used is based on the legal sciences and the theory of fundamental rights, as well as on the proposals of social movements on environmental and water justice, in order to obtain original and updated results on the state of the question in this region. The results point to the broad possibilities of ADR to manage the growing social conflict, concluding with some public policy recommendations for the peaceful management of socio-environmental crises and conflicts.
ANALYSIS OF BLOOD STAIN DYNAMICS IN FORENSIC RECONSTRUCTIVE HEMATOLOGY: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF AMAZONIA
The practice of Forensic Reconstructive Hematology (FRH) was carried out at the Universidad de la Amazonia, Porvenir campus. The main objective of the activity was to analyze the behavior of blood stains under various conditions, including falling from different heights, speeds, angles and on different surfaces. Tests were conducted on smooth, rough and absorbent surfaces, dropping blood drops from heights of 10 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm, 150 cm and 200 cm. In addition, stains produced by blunt objects, shoe prints, and an analysis of back projection stains generated by gunshots were examined. The results showed that the surface significantly influences the size and shape of the bloodstains: rough surfaces presented more dispersed patterns, while smooth surfaces produced more defined stains. As for the speed and angle of fall, variations in stain morphology were observed, evidencing how these factors affect dispersion and droplet size. Blood traces indicating dragging and back projection, fundamental for crime scene reconstruction, were also analyzed. This study is essential for forensic interpretation, as it provides key information on the dynamics of bloodstains and their relationship with the environment, which can be decisive in criminal investigations.
MUNICIPAL POLICE AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION AS AN EFFECTIVE INSTRUMENT FOR CRIME PREVENTION IN COLOMBIA
Rethinking a much more decentralised organisation through municipal intervention in all aspects of neighbourhood protection is the solution to a model that provides greater security guarantees for citizens. The model used by the Colombian national government to maintain public order has been successful. However, there are still challenges to overcome in order to reduce all acts of violence and public unrest to a minimum. This citizen insecurity could be fought by modernising the police, by promoting the creation of a municipal police force that would allow new horizons of proximity and closeness to be reached. This is why, in the context of a process of decentralisation of the police, the autonomy of the municipalities should be strengthened in order to give these territorial entities greater autonomy in the management of public security policy, always under the coordination and supervision of the State forces, thus effectively implementing the principles on which the Community police is based.
INFRINGEMENT OF THE RIGHT TO “DIE WITH DIGNITY” AS AN ANTIJURIDICAL DAMAGE IN COLOMBIA
This research analyzes, from a qualitative study, the State Responsibility in the face of the violation of the right to die with dignity. A documentary and jurisprudential analysis has been made on the origins of the right to die with dignity and how it constitutes state responsibility. It has been evidenced, in the first place, a legislative omission on the part of the Congress of the Republic that allows to develop, in due form, this Right, the Constitutional Court has been the main activist of this fundamental right. At the same time, it has been demonstrated that the responsibility is not only based on such omission, but also on the failure of EPS and IPS to provide the service. It is evident that prolonging pain or suffering is an attempt against human dignity as well as the development of free personality, therefore, it generates an antijuridical damage to the person who suffers such suffering and to his relatives or close persons, ergo, it must be repaired. It has been decided that the State liability is not only derived from the fact of the legislator, but also from the Health Care Providers (EPS or IPS), for failure in the service. Finally, the category of damage to which the violation of the DMD belongs, is that of immaterial damage, especially to the block of Damage to Assets or Conventional Rights and/or Constitutionally Protected Rights, and not as an autonomous category.
THE GUARANTEE POSITION AND THE SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP OF SUBJECTION REGARDING THE EXPIRATION OF DIRECT REPARATION ARISING FROM DAMAGES CAUSED TO THE DEPRIVED OF LIBERTY POPULATION
Based on a normative and jurisprudential study, three legal concepts or institutions are examined, specifically with regard to persons deprived of liberty (hereinafter, PPL) and the potential harm caused during their confinement: the guarantee position of the penitentiary system, the special relationship of subjection, and the statute of limitations applicable to direct reparation. This analytical framework addresses the State's duty to safeguard the rights of prisoners, the prerogatives arising from the special relationship of subjection, and the statute of limitations applicable to direct reparation within the constitutional framework. The interpretation of this term is proposed in a harmonious and flexible manner, consistent with the particular circumstances of each case, promoting a differential and guarantee-based approach that prioritizes the principle of "damnato" (favor) to victims and access to justice.
The Order for Payment Procedure in Colombia: Challenges and Perspectives under Law 1564 of 2012
Law 1564 of 2012, which introduced the General Code of Procedure in Colombia, marked a significant step toward the modernization of civil justice in the country. Among its key innovations is the order for payment procedure, conceived as a special declaratory mechanism for the collection of clear, express, and enforceable obligations, without requiring an enforceable title. This legal tool aims to streamline judicial proceedings and improve access to justice. However, since its implementation, the procedure has faced various regulatory and practical challenges, including limits on the monetary amount, lack of specific precautionary measures, difficulties with personal service, reversal of the burden of proof, and inconsistent judicial application. This article adopts a qualitative research approach, based on bibliographic documentation and legal-text analysis, drawing on specialized doctrine, legislation, case law, and comparative experiences. It examines the structural obstacles surrounding the order for payment procedure and its impact on the administration of justice in Colombia, incorporating international references from countries such as Spain, Germany, Chile, Costa Rica, and El Salvador. Based on this analysis, the article proposes reforms aimed at strengthening this mechanism and concludes that its consolidation requires both regulatory and practical adjustments to ensure its effectiveness as a tool of effective judicial protection.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE IA IN ADMINISTRATIVE CONCILIATION: TOWARDS ABINDING AND EFFICIENT SOLUTION
The purpose of this article was to study how artificial intelligence can serve as an auxiliary to the conciliation committees of public entities, contributing to the realization of effective judicial protection in Colombia. To this end, effective judicial protection was conceptualized in relation to administrative conciliation, and the use of artificial intelligence in law was illustrated through case studies. Subsequently, the committees’ negative inclination towards pre-judicial agreements was identified as a challenge in administrative conciliation. In light of this, by employing a qualitative methodology that included case analyses, regulations, and doctrine, the possibility of reasonably positioning artificial intelligence as an auxiliary tool for public entity conciliation committees in Colombia is proposed. This aims to provide binding, objective concepts tailored to each specific case, and to facilitate intelligent conciliation that standardizes criteria and mitigates discretionary practices.
Copyright (c) 2024 Los autores que publiquen en la Revista conservan todos los derechos de propiedad intelectual sobre sus artículos, pero al aceptar la publicación de sus artículos en la revista, otorgan a la Universidad de la Amazonia y los lectores el derecho y uso a descargar, almacenar, usar, copiar, distribuir, exhibir, y ejecutar públicamente sus artículos, siempre que se cumplan las condiciones de la licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. De igual forma, los autores, además, aceptan y se comprometen expresamente a: • Ser los responsables de citar adecuadamente bajo el respeto de derechos de propiedad intelectual y la ética, las fuentes utilizadas en su investigación. La Universidad no se responsabiliza por el uso inadecuado de otras obras. • Actuar de forma ética y responsable en su proceso de investigación y la realización de su obra. La Universidad no se responsabiliza por actos inmorales o fraudulentos. • La autoría de un artículo debe ser atribuida únicamente a quienes hayan realizado una contribución creativa en su construcción. En caso de desacuerdo, el autor de correspondencia ante la revista debe allegar soportes de la contribución y participación de cada autor. La autoría no se puede cambiar después de la publicación. Si se solicita el retiro de un autor, la revista requerirá una autorización firmada por todos los autores, explicando las razones del retiro. En cualquier caso, ante estos litigios, el Comité Editorial podrá decidir el retiro definitivo de la obra. De todo lo anterior, los autores deberán allegar debidamente firmado el documento que la Revista adopte para dichos fines, de cualquier forma, ante el uso de OJS, se dispondrá un espacio con las anteriores condiciones y en ella se establecerá entonces la aceptación digital bajo un contrato click-wrap. Este tipo de contrato se caracteriza por el hecho que la aceptación se realiza mediante un clic en un botón que indica que el usuario está de acuerdo con los términos y condiciones. En el caso de la revista, el contrato click-wrap se utiliza para que los autores acepten las condiciones de publicación de la revista, las cuales, comprende los requisitos sobre la originalidad del contenido, la autoría, el plagio, el uso de fuentes, parámetros y toda la política editorial https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES FOR THE PROTECTION AND CARE OF WOMEN VICTIMS OF THE ARMED CONFLICT IN COLOMBIA
This article investigates the impact of policies for the protection and care of women victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. The central question is: What is the impact of these policies and programs on the lives of these women? The first chapter explores the historical evolution and normative framework of international humanitarian law in relation to the protection of women victims of the armed conflict, providing an essential context on the legal basis and international commitments assumed by Colombia. The second chapter evaluates the effectiveness of protection policies in preventing and addressing gender-based violence, analyzing both achievements and areas where these policies have not achieved their objectives. Finally, the third chapter focuses on gender inequality and discrimination in the care of these women, highlighting persistent barriers and disparities in policy implementation. This comprehensive analysis allows us to better understand the challenges and opportunities in the protection and care of women victims of the armed conflict in Colombia.
The Construction of a Collective Memory on the Ruins of Sexual Violence: an Approach to Colombian Current Events
In the context of the armed conflict in Colombia, victims of sexual violence have been revictimized in social and judicial settings, therefore it is important to recognize the traumatic impact that all types of sexual assault have on victims, both physically and emotionally, and with this reflect regarding the various barriers they face, among which the following stand out: the high rates of impunity, the lack of access to justice and the absence of effective protection by the authorities. To mitigate this problem, various transitional justice processes have been implemented in the country, which aim to investigate and punish those responsible for these and other crimes, in addition to seeking recognition of the suffering of the victims and offering comprehensive reparations to them. Therefore, it is essential to promote the implementation of processes other than the legal ones that support them.
Comments on the challenge of the credibility of the witness and previous statements
A legal research is carried out, where the evidentiary value of the statements made by witnesses outside the oral trial is studied by means of documentary and doctrinal analysis. It is observed that for the Criminal Cassation Chamber of the Colombian Supreme Court of Justice, such statements in principle are not evidence as a general rule, but in certain events may enter the body of evidence, it is concluded based on the jurisprudential rules adopted by the Criminal Chamber, in addition to clarifying the evidentiary value of such statements in light of the Colombian legal system.
Right of Return in Colombia: The Forced Displacement of the Afro-descendant Community
The Afro-descendant communities considered that the territories go beyond physical aspects. The territories are spaces for the development of territorial movements, of the permanent struggle to occupy, govern, belong, settle and conquer strategic spaces for their projects. In Colombia, it has been facing difficulties as the country has been developing an armed conflict due to the growing number of armed groups with different political affiliations and organized crime around the production and trade of illicit drugs. The issue is not on the agenda of the government and the armed groups. In other words, the Colombian State must fully comply with its obligations to guarantee the rights of displaced Afro-Colombians upon their return or resettlement. There are currently no effective mechanisms to protect displaced Africans during their return or resettlement, to achieve socio- economic stability, or to protect and restore assets left behind during their displacement. Therefore, this study focuses on the right of return in Colombia from the perspective of the forced displacement of Afro-descendant communities to recognize how legal remedies are justified in the context of the forced displacement of these vulnerable communities that need to protect their rights/territories that have a historical and cultural load.
Principle of jurisdictionality of the disciplinary sanctioning power of the office of the attorney general of the nation
The principle of jurisdiction is an imperative in the decisions adopted by member states that lead to the impact of political rights, a principle that underlies Article 23.2 of the ACHR. In this work, the study of the need for conventionalization and conventionality today of the sanctioning power of the PGN and the Municipal Personerías was addressed, it is clear that currently, the sanctioning power of these bodies is unconventional, but it is also clear that The adoption of constitutional and legal adjustments is necessary for the conventionalization of these, not only to exercise the sanctioning power against public servants elected by popular vote, but at our discretion for all public servants regardless of their form of connection. In this article, we propose the creation of a disciplinary jurisdiction with which this current discussion would be settled.
Copyright (c) 1969 Los autores que publiquen en la Revista conservan todos los derechos de propiedad intelectual sobre sus artículos, pero al aceptar la publicación de sus artículos en la revista, otorgan a la Universidad de la Amazonia y los lectores el derecho y uso a descargar, almacenar, usar, copiar, distribuir, exhibir, y ejecutar públicamente sus artículos, siempre que se cumplan las condiciones de la licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. De igual forma, los autores, además, aceptan y se comprometen expresamente a: • Ser los responsables de citar adecuadamente bajo el respeto de derechos de propiedad intelectual y la ética, las fuentes utilizadas en su investigación. La Universidad no se responsabiliza por el uso inadecuado de otras obras. • Actuar de forma ética y responsable en su proceso de investigación y la realización de su obra. La Universidad no se responsabiliza por actos inmorales o fraudulentos. • La autoría de un artículo debe ser atribuida únicamente a quienes hayan realizado una contribución creativa en su construcción. En caso de desacuerdo, el autor de correspondencia ante la revista debe allegar soportes de la contribución y participación de cada autor. La autoría no se puede cambiar después de la publicación. Si se solicita el retiro de un autor, la revista requerirá una autorización firmada por todos los autores, explicando las razones del retiro. En cualquier caso, ante estos litigios, el Comité Editorial podrá decidir el retiro definitivo de la obra. De todo lo anterior, los autores deberán allegar debidamente firmado el documento que la Revista adopte para dichos fines, de cualquier forma, ante el uso de OJS, se dispondrá un espacio con las anteriores condiciones y en ella se establecerá entonces la aceptación digital bajo un contrato click-wrap. Este tipo de contrato se caracteriza por el hecho que la aceptación se realiza mediante un clic en un botón que indica que el usuario está de acuerdo con los términos y condiciones. En el caso de la revista, el contrato click-wrap se utiliza para que los autores acepten las condiciones de publicación de la revista, las cuales, comprende los requisitos sobre la originalidad del contenido, la autoría, el plagio, el uso de fuentes, parámetros y toda la política editorial https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
BLACK SKIN, WHITE CONSTITUTIONS: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN THE FACE OF RACIAL SUBORDINATION IN LATIN AMERICA
The objective of this text is to make an approach to the analysis of the relationships between constitutional law and racial subordination in Latin America. To do this, we will begin by presenting the structural place of the demand for racial equality within the configuration of Latin American constitutionalism, and then specify the way in which this demand was neutralized based on the construction of imaginaries of racial harmony assigned to independence nationalism and the myth of racial democracy; Next, we will present the main problems that Afro-descendant sectors still have in the region today, and we will conclude by specifying the way in which some States in Latin America have incorporated multicultural guarantees into their constitutional texts, which could open an eventual mobilization scenario aimed at the permanent improvement of the living conditions of Afro-descendant communities in the region.
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE BRAZILIAN CONSTITUTIONAL AND ELECTORAL CONTEXT OF 2022
This paper seeks, through bibliographic analysis, study of scientific articles, research of precedents and International Conventions, to make a weighing of principles, taking into account mainly the right to freedom of expression, and demonstrate its relationship with the dissemination of Fake News, in the Brazilian elections of 2022. An analysis is made of the decisions of the Inter-American Human Rights System on cases that seek to protect this right, as well as condemn censorship, especially in Latin American countries.
PERSPECTIVES AND DILEMMAS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF DISCIPLINARY JUSTICE IN COLOMBIA, AFTER THE DECISION OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Disciplinary law in Colombia, as a manifestation of the ius puniendi of the State, is an autonomous discipline dedicated to supervising the official conduct of public servants, ensuring administrative efficiency and compliance with the purposes of the State. Law 200 of 1995 marked a milestone by unifying the standards of conduct of public servants, followed by the Single Disciplinary Code of 2002 and the General Disciplinary Code (CGD) of 2019. However, the Judgment of the Inter-American Court in the case of Petro vs. Colombia in 2020 found that the rules empowering the Procuraduría to sanction popularly elected officials violated the American Convention on Human Rights. In response, Law 2094 of 2021 sought to comply with the ruling, but the Constitutional Court declared it unenforceable in part. Thus, this paper addresses the research problem: Did Colombia comply with the order given by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the Petro v. Colombia case to bring its disciplinary legal system in line with the conventional standard? It is specified that the debate revolves around the existence of a problem of conventionality or of the block of constitutionality, for which it is argued that there is no tension between the Constitution and the American Convention, but rather a need for harmonious interpretation. Finally, it is concluded that this panorama presents challenges for the administration of disciplinary justice, requiring a dialogue between the public authorities to find solutions that guarantee transparency, efficiency and respect for human rights.
THE VULNERABILITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE CONTROL OF CONVENTIONALITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued a sentence on a controversial case from the country of Mexico, we are talking about the Tzompaxtle Tecpile et al. vs. Mexico case, this as a result of the violation of rights such as integrity, personal liberty and presumption of innocence suffered by three men by the authorities of that country during his process of detention and deprivation of liberty; unfairly and unjustifiably, they were ordered to be arrested and detained in custody, subjecting them to suffering anguish, since they were even in a state of defenselessness and incommunicado conditions. The aforementioned Court finally ordered Mexico to reform its Magna Carta with the intention of eliminating the figure of detention and preventive detention. The violation of fundamental rights is unacceptable, much more so if these are broken by the member countries of the Inter-American Convention on Human Rights, because it violates in this way the norms coming from the treaty. The States that are part have the commitment and the duty to respect and offer guarantees so that the rights are considered.
GARANTÍA JURISDICCIONAL PARA LA EFICACIA DE LOS PRINCIPIOS Y VALORES CONSTITUCIONALES
Esta investigación se basa en la trascendencia que tiene la aplicación de los principios y valores por parte del operador jurídico en la declaración del derecho; para considerarlos, es esencial, para su cabal comprensión, explicar sus fundamentos teóricos, esto es, los elementos filosóficos que los sustentan y que servirían, a su vez, de guía interpretativa que deberían seguir los jueces para desatar causas que involucran la afectación de derechos fundamentales y todas aquellas otras actuaciones que tratan de des dignificar los derechos humanos; contemplando así, con otros instrumentos jurídicos, herramientas que garantizan el complimiento de nuestros derechos fundamentales. En alto Tribunal constitucional colombiano, en sede de ser el intérprete legítimo de la Carta Política, ha identificado ejes axiológicos, deontológicos e interpretativos que le permiten fundar su tarea de control constitucional, como: i-el sistema político democrático, participativo y pluralista que especifica el marco democrático participativo y la participación política; y ii-el Estado social y democrático de derecho define nuestro diseño constitucional que determina el compromiso del estado social de derecho de respetar, proteger y garantizar los derechos de la sociedad. Como resultado de esta investigación se observó la forma en que la Corte Constitucional, considera los elementos de Social, democracia, participación y dignidad humana como quicio de eficacia de los valores y principios constitucionales, consagrados en la Constitución Política.
EL ESPECTRO AUTISTA Y LA ADAPTACIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS
Este trabajo pretende abordar la importancia de relativizar el principio de igualdad para las personas con TEA, a través de un análisis profundo de dicho principio y su concepto ante el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. Además de señalar las diferencias más latentes entre la igualdad material y formal y repasar casos prácticos con el fin de arrojar luz sobre las razones por las que debe relativizarse el principio en debate. Pretendiendo, con todo lo anterior, demostrar que la relativización del principio constitucional de igualdad es fundamental para garantizar a este grupo específico el acceso a derechos y beneficios que sean capaces de compensar las dificultades que enfrenta por su condición. Haciéndose uso del método de investigación deductivo, utilizando investigaciones científicas, análisis de casos del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos y doctrinas.