HISTORIA DE LA REGULACIÓN DEL CLORPIRIFOS EN ESTADOS UNIDOS: SITUACIÓN EN COLOMBIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47847/fagropec.v16n2a4Palabras clave:
Clorpirifos, Colombia, Insecticidas, Legislación sobre plaguicidas, Salud pública, Evaluación de riesgos, Agricultura sostenibleResumen
El clorpirifos es un ejemplo clásico de cómo distintos modelos de caracterizar el riesgo de exposición a pesticidas pueden dictar la política de las agencias reguladoras. La Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (EPA) se basó en la inhibición de la acetilcolinesterasa para establecer que el riesgo para la salud de la exposición a productos agrícolas con niveles “tolerables” de clorpirifos era relativamente bajo. Sin embargo, para 2016, hallazgos de estudios financiados por la industria y nuevos estudios epidemiológicos entre 2003 y 2014 mostraron que los niños expuestos durante el embarazo, documentados por mediciones de clorpirifos en sangre umbilical, sufrieron importantes trastornos neurológicos y del desarrollo. Entre 2017 y 2020, se reprodujeron trastornos neurológicos análogos en ratas a dosis inferiores a las que inhibían la acetilcolinesterasa. Estos estudios en ratas no tenían incertidumbre sobre los niveles de exposición prenatal. En agosto de 2021, la EPA finalmente prohibió todos los usos de clorpirifos en los Estados Unidos, mientras que la Unión Europea ya lo había hecho en enero de 2020. Esto demuestra que la política de regulación de pesticidas puede variar mucho según los estudios científicos que se utilicen para evaluar los riesgos para la salud. En Colombia, la lista de plaguicidas registrados por el ICA a septiembre de 2021 incluye 28 productos a base de clorpirifos para uso agrícola, sin contar los de uso pecuario. Mientras no existan leyes ambientales y de salud pública más estrictas en Colombia, se seguirá importando y comercializando clorpirifos.
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