VULNERABILIDAD MULTIAMENAZA EN CONSTRUCCIONES PECUARIAS Y SU IMPACTO EN EL BIENESTAR ANIMAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47847/fagropec.v16n2a6Resumo
La producción pecuaria enfrenta mayores riesgos ambientales por la intensificación de eventos climáticos extremos, altas temperaturas, humedad elevada y limitada capacidad de adaptación de muchas instalaciones rurales. Esta situación modifica el microclima interno de los alojamientos, compromete la respuesta fisiológica de los animales y afecta la eficiencia productiva. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la relación entre construcciones pecuarias, vulnerabilidad multiamenaza y bienestar animal en sistemas productivos, con énfasis en ambientes tropicales. El alcance comprendió literatura científica sobre microclima, estrés térmico, diseño de alojamientos, exposición ambiental, mitigación y respuesta animal. Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática de literatura en Scopus, Web of Science y ScienceDirect, mediante ecuaciones relacionadas con alojamiento animal, estrés térmico, riesgo y vulnerabilidad. Se identificaron 428 registros iniciales; luego de eliminar duplicados, aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión, revisar títulos, resúmenes y textos completos, se seleccionaron 58 estudios. Los resultados indicaron predominio de investigaciones en bovinos lecheros y una relación estrecha entre temperatura, humedad relativa, velocidad del aire, radiación solar, densidad animal y diseño constructivo. También se reconoció que las estrategias combinadas de ventilación, sombra, enfriamiento y monitoreo ambiental reducen con mayor eficacia la carga térmica. Se concluye que la evaluación de construcciones pecuarias requiere integrar variables estructurales, ambientales y biológicas; por ello, se propone el Modelo Integrado de Vulnerabilidad Multiamenaza en Construcciones Pecuarias como una aproximación para orientar la valoración del riesgo y la toma de decisiones.
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