Application of the response surface methodology for the optimization of cadmium quantification in cocoa samples from the Caquetá and Santander departments using anodic stripping voltammetry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47847/Keywords:
Box-Behnken, central compositeAbstract
The electrochemical behavior of the bismuth ion (Bi³⁺) was studied on glassy carbon (GC) and gold (Au) electrodes using cyclic voltammetry (CV). For both electrodes, the redox process of Bi³⁺ was found to be quasi-reversible, with cathodic peak potentials of 0.10 V and -0.16 V for the reduction of Bi³⁺ to Bi⁰ on Au and GC electrodes, respectively. For the GC electrode, the peak current ratio (Ipa/Ipc) was four times higher than that of the Au electrode in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). Additionally, a Box-Behnken design and a central composite design were implemented to optimize the bismuth film deposition on GC and the electroanalytical parameters for cadmium (Cd²⁺) determination using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The influence of [Bi³⁺], deposition potential (Edeposition), and deposition time (tdeposition) on the bismuth film was evaluated, along with pulse amplitude (Epulse) and pulse duration (tpulse) for the electroanalytical parameters. The optimized parameters were [Bi³⁺] = 5 mg/L, Edeposition = -1100 mV, tdeposition = 650 s, Epulse = 160 mV, and tpulse = 20 ms. Under the optimal parameter combination, a calibration curve was constructed in a concentration range of 0.05 to 0.4 mg/L, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.032 mg/L and 0.099 mg/L, respectively. The proposed analytical procedure was applied for Cd²⁺ quantification in cocoa seed samples from the Caquetá and Santander departments and was validated through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), yielding satisfactory results.
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